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Wiley InterScience | ||||||||||||||
  Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society)Volume 170 Issue 1, Pages 231 - 250 Published Online: 29 Nov 2006 © 2010 The Royal Statistical Society and Blackwell Publishing Ltd Published on behalf of the Royal Statistical Society
Abstract | References | Full Text: HTML, PDF (Size: 592K) | Related Articles | Citation Tracking  Are football referees really biased and inconsistent?: evidence on the incidence of disciplinary sanction in the English Premier League Copyright 2007 Royal Statistical Society KEYWORDS Bivariate negative binomial regression • Bivariate Poisson regression • English Premier League football • Refereeing bias and inconsistency ABSTRACTSummary. The paper presents a statistical analysis of patterns in the incidence of disciplinary sanction (yellow and red cards) that were taken against players in the English Premier League over the period 1996–2003. Several questions concerning sources of inconsistency and bias in refereeing standards are examined. Evidence is found to support a time consistency hypothesis, that the average incidence of disciplinary sanction is predominantly stable over time. However, a refereeing consistency hypothesis, that the incidence of disciplinary sanction does not vary between referees, is rejected. The tendency for away teams to incur more disciplinary points than home teams cannot be attributed to the home advantage effect on match results and appears to be due to a refereeing bias favouring the home team. [Received July 2005. Revised July 2006] | 
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 | Significance |
Try to forecast the results of 10 different events, some sporting, some cultural, some just odd, that will take place between May and July 2010. Have Fun! | |
