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Wiley InterScience

Conservation Biology

Conservation Biology

Volume 20 Issue 2, Pages 538 - 548

Published Online: 24 Feb 2006

©2010, Society for Conservation Biology



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Global Warming and Extinctions of Endemic Species from Biodiversity Hotspots
JAY R. MALCOLM*††, CANRAN LIU*†, RONALD P. NEILSON, LARA HANSEN§, AND LEE HANNAH**
  *Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B3, Canada   Department of Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia   USDA Forest Service, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 S.W. Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A.   §Climate Change Program, World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037-1175, U.S.A.   **Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, D.C. 20036, U.S.A.
Correspondence to   †† email jay.malcolm@utoronto.ca
Copyright 2006 Society for Conservation Biology
KEYWORDS
biomes • climate change • general circulation models • global vegetation models • migration • species extinctions
KEYWORDS
biomas • cambio climático • extinciones de especies • migración • modelos generales de circulación • modelos de vegetación global

ABSTRACT

Abstract:  Global warming is a key threat to biodiversity, but few researchers have assessed the magnitude of this threat at the global scale. We used major vegetation types (biomes) as proxies for natural habitats and, based on projected future biome distributions under doubled-CO2 climates, calculated changes in habitat areas and associated extinctions of endemic plant and vertebrate species in biodiversity hotspots. Because of numerous uncertainties in this approach, we undertook a sensitivity analysis of multiple factors that included (1) two global vegetation models, (2) different numbers of biome classes in our biome classification schemes, (3) different assumptions about whether species distributions were biome specific or not, and (4) different migration capabilities. Extinctions were calculated using both species-area and endemic-area relationships. In addition, average required migration rates were calculated for each hotspot assuming a doubled-CO2 climate in 100 years. Projected percent extinctions ranged from <1 to 43% of the endemic biota (average 11.6%), with biome specificity having the greatest influence on the estimates, followed by the global vegetation model and then by migration and biome classification assumptions. Bootstrap comparisons indicated that effects on hotpots as a group were not significantly different from effects on random same-biome collections of grid cells with respect to biome change or migration rates; in some scenarios, however, hotspots exhibited relatively high biome change and low migration rates. Especially vulnerable hotspots were the Cape Floristic Region, Caribbean, Indo-Burma, Mediterranean Basin, Southwest Australia, and Tropical Andes, where plant extinctions per hotspot sometimes exceeded 2000 species. Under the assumption that projected habitat changes were attained in 100 years, estimated global-warming-induced rates of species extinctions in tropical hotspots in some cases exceeded those due to deforestation, supporting suggestions that global warming is one of the most serious threats to the planet's biodiversity.

ABSTRACT

Calentamiento Global y Extinciones de Especies Endémicas en Sitios de Importancia para la Biodiversidad

Resumen:  El calentamiento global es una amenaza clave para la biodiversidad, pero pocos investigadores han evaluado la magnitud de esta amenaza a escala global. Utilizamos los principales tipos de vegetación (biomas) como hábitats naturales y, con base en la proyección de la distribución futura de los biomas en condiciones de climas con el doble de CO2, calculamos los cambios en la superficie de los hábitats y las extinciones de especies de plantas y animales endémicas en sitios de importancia para la biodiversidad. Debido a numerosas incertidumbres en este método, realizamos un análisis de sensibilidad de factores múltiples que incluyó (1) dos modelos de vegetación global; (2) diferentes números de clases de biomas en nuestros esquemas de clasificación de biomas; (3) suposiciones diferentes sobre si la distribución de especies era específica de un bioma o no y (4) diferentes capacidades de migración. Las extinciones fueron calculadas utilizando tanto relaciones especies- como endémico-área. Adicionalmente, se calcularon tasas promedio de migración requeridas para cada sitio de importancia para la biodiversidad asumiendo un clima con el doble de CO2 en 100 años. Las extinciones proyectadas variaron entre <1 a 43% de la biota endémica (promedio 11.6%), la especificidad de l bioma tuvo la mayor influencia sobre las estimaciones, seguida por el modelo de vegetación global y luego por las suposiciones de migración y clasificación de los biomas. Las comparaciones bootstrap indicaron que los efectos sobre los sitios de importancia para la biodiversidad como grupo no fueron significativamente diferentes de los efectos sobre colecciones de celdas aleatorias del mismo bioma con respecto al cambio de bioma o de tasas de migración; sin embargo, en algunos escenarios los sitios de importancia para la biodiversidad mostraron cambio de bioma relativamente alto y tasas de migración relativamente bajas. Los sitios de importancia para la biodiversidad especialmente vulnerables fueron la Región Florística del Cabo, Caribe, Indo-Burma, Cuenca del Mediterráneo, Suroeste de Australia y los Andes Tropicales, donde las extinciones de plantas por sitio algunas veces excedieron 2000 especies. Bajo la suposición de que los cambios de hábitat proyectados se obtuvieron en 100 años, las tasas estimadas de extinción inducida por calentamiento global en sitios de importancia para la biodiversidad tropicales en algunos casos excedieron a las inducidas por la deforestación, lo que soporta las sugerencias de que el calentamiento global es una de las amenazas más serias a la biodiversidad del planeta.


Paper submitted March 9, 2004; revised manuscript accepted October 20, 2005.

DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI)
10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00364.x About DOI

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