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The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists
SINA M. ADL a , ALASTAIR G. B. SIMPSON a , MARK A. FARMER b , ROBERT A. ANDERSEN c , O. ROGER ANDERSON d , JOHN R. BARTA e , SAMUEL S. BOWSER f , GUY BRUGEROLLE g , ROBERT A. FENSOME h , SUZANNE FREDERICQ i , TIMOTHY Y. JAMES j , SERGEI KARPOV k , PAUL KUGRENS l , JOHN KRUG m , CHRISTOPHER E. LANE n , LOUISE A. LEWIS o , JEAN LODGE p , DENIS H. LYNN q , DAVID G. MANN r , RICHARD M. MCCOURT s , LEONEL MENDOZA t , ØJVIND MOESTRUP u , SHARON E. MOZLEY-STANDRIDGE v , THOMAS A. NERAD w , CAROL A. SHEARER x , ALEXEY V. SMIRNOV y , FREDERICK W. SPIEGEL z and MAX F. J. R. TAYLOR aa
  a Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada, and   b Center for Ultrastructural Research, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA, and   c Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575, USA, and   d Lamont-Dogherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York 10964, USA, and   e Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada, and   f Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA, and   g Biologie des Protistes, Université Blaise Pascal de Clermont-Ferrand, F63177 Aubiere cedex, France, and   h Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic), Bedford Institute of Oceanography, PO Box 1006 Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada, and   i Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, USA, and   j Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0338, USA, and   k Biological Faculty, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, St. Petersburg 191186, Russia, and   l Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 805232, USA, and   m Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Mycology Section, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6 and Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada, and   n Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada, and   o Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA, and   p Center for Forest Mycology Research, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, and   q Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada, and   r Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom, and   s The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, USA, and   t Medical Technology Program, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1030, USA, and   u Department of Phycology, Kobenhavns Universitet, Copenhagen DK-1353, Denmark, and   v Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Geogia 30606, USA, and   w George Mason University, PWII campus, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA, and   x Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA, and   y Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia, and   z Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA, and   aa Department of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
 Corresponding Author: Denis H. Lynn, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada—Telephone number: (519) 826 5724; Fax number: (519) 826 5725; e-mail: ddr@uoguelph.ca
Copyright © 2005 by the Society of Protozoologists
KEYWORDS
Algae • amoebae • ciliates • flagellates • fungi • microbiology • microorganisms • parasites • plankton • protozoa • systematics • taxonomy

ABSTRACT

Abstract. This revision of the classification of unicellular eukaryotes updates that of Levine et al. (1980) for the protozoa and expands it to include other protists. Whereas the previous revision was primarily to incorporate the results of ultrastructural studies, this revision incorporates results from both ultrastructural research since 1980 and molecular phylogenetic studies. We propose a scheme that is based on nameless ranked systematics. The vocabulary of the taxonomy is updated, particularly to clarify the naming of groups that have been repositioned. We recognize six clusters of eukaryotes that may represent the basic groupings similar to traditional "kingdoms." The multicellular lineages emerged from within monophyletic protist lineages: animals and fungi from Opisthokonta, plants from Archaeplastida, and brown algae from Stramenopiles.

Received: 05/20/05; accepted: 05/28/05

DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI)
10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x About DOI

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