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Wiley InterScience | |
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KEYWORDS
Eurosta
• gall •
Gnorimoschema
• herbivory • induced responses •
Solidago altissima
• volatile response
New Phytologist (2008) 178: 657–671
© The Authors (2008). Journal compilation ©New Phytologist (2008)
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02392.x
- •
Parasitic species can dramatically alter host traits. Some of these parasite-induced changes can be considered adaptive manipulations that benefit the parasites. Gall-inducing insects are parasites well known for their ability to alter host-plant morphology and physiology, including the distribution of plant defensive compounds. Here it was investigated whether gall-inducing species alter indirect plant defenses, involving the release of volatile compounds that are attractive to foraging natural enemies. - •
Using field and factorial laboratory experiments, volatile production by goldenrod (Solidago altissima) plants was examined in response to attack by two gall-inducing species, the tephritid fly Eurosta solidaginis and the gelechiid moth Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis, as well as the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius, and the generalist caterpillar Heliothis virescens. - •
Heliothis virescens elicited strong indirect defensive responses from S. altissima, but the gall-inducing species and spittlebugs did not. More significantly, infestation by E. solidaginis appeared to suppress volatile responses to subsequent attack by the generalist caterpillar. - •
The extensive control that E. solidaginis apparently exerts over host-plant defense responses may reduce the predation risk for the gall inducer and the subsequent herbivore, and could influence community-level dynamics, including the distribution of herbivorous insect species associated with S. altissima parasitized by E. solidaginis.
Received: 29 October 2007
Accepted: 8 January 2008 DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI) 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02392.x About DOI
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