Diversion of prescribed drugs by drug users in treatment: analysis of the UK market and new data from London

ABSTRACT

Aims. To review the available knowledge about the diversion to the illicit market of drugs prescribed to drug users in treatment in the United Kingdom, and to identify aspects of the London market in more detail. Method. An analysis of the literature and new data in terms of the extent and nature of the market, the practicalities of trade, motives for selling, reasons for demand and the influence of variations in prescribing practice on diversion. Prices of diverted prescription drugs and details of their availability in London are presented. Findings. The size of the market is substantial and appears to involve a large number of individuals, each diverting small amounts of their own prescribed drugs. Major motives for selling prescribed drugs are to raise funds to buy other, preferred, drugs and/or to pay for a private prescription. Buyers in treatment appear to be motivated by a desire to supplement their own prescriptions because they are dissatisfied with the particular drug prescribed, dosage and formulation. Drug users in treatment can exploit the variations in prescribing practice - such as how much 'take-home' medication they are allowed and whether tests are conducted to ascertain if they are using it themselves - and divert their prescribed drugs. Prices of prescription drugs on the illicit market can fluctuate on a daily basis according to supply and demand. Conclusions. The results suggest that, to be effective, diversion control must simultaneously involve deterrents from prescribers, drug treatment services, law enforcement agencies and dispensing pharmacists. Finally, some suggestions for further research on this under-studied issue are suggested.